An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an abnormal connection between an artery (blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the body) and a vein (blood vessels that carry oxygen-depleted blood to the heart).
AVFs can be congenital but most often they are acquired and their cause is often unknown.
Treatment for AVFs depends on their location and severity but include surgery, minimally invasive procedures, and radiosurgery.
An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an abnormal connection between an artery (blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the body) and a vein (blood vessels that carry oxygen-depleted blood to the heart). An AVF can allow high-pressure arterial blood to flow directly into veins. When high-pressure arterial blood flows into veins, it can cause them to bulge or burst (hemorrhage). In addition, arterial blood that is shunted directly to veins leaves tissues deprived of blood and oxygen.
AVFs can occur anywhere in the body, but those that cause neurological symptoms occur in the brain and spine. AVFs that occur in the brain include : -
Dural AVFs
Direct carotid-cavernous fistula
Indirect carotid-cavernous fistula
A-V fistula
A fistula is an abnormal connection between two parts of the body. An arteriovenous (AV) fistula refers to an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein.
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?
AVF symptoms can vary depending on its location and severity. Symptoms associated with cerebral AVFs include : -
Roaring sound in the ears caused by the turbulent blood flow (tinnitus)
Headache
Seizure
Hemorrhage into the brain
Symptoms of carotid cavernous AVFs may include swelling and redness in and around the eye and vision problems.
Symptoms of spinal AVFs include : -
Progressive weakness in the legs
Trouble walking
Sexual dysfunction
Paralysis
Bowel and bladder difficulties
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
AVFs can be congenital, meaning the AVF has been present from birth. Most, however, are acquired and spontaneous and their cause is unknown (idiopathic).
Causes of acquired AVFs include : -
Trauma, such as a blow to the head or spine
Complications of cranial surgery
Blood clots in the affected vessels
Infection
Tumors
DIAGNOSIS
Tests used to diagnose AVFs include : -
Angiography
Myelography
Computed tomography (CT) scan
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
TREATMENT APPROACH
The goal of AVF treatment is to close the abnormal connection between artery and vein to prevent hemorrhage and relieve pressure on the brain or spinal cord.
The following techniques may be used : -
Manual compression of the carotid artery
Endovascular embolization
Open surgery
Radiosurgery
The list of of Vascular Surgery Hospitals in India is as follows : -
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